# Ideology of Pakistan and Initial Problems Pakistan came into being on the basis of the **Two-Nation Theory**, which means that the Muslims of India are a separate nation. The Two-Nation Theory is also called the **Ideology of Pakistan**. ## What is Ideology? The word "Ideology" is composed of two Greek words "**ideo**" and "**logos**" which means the study or science of ideas. We may call the collective thinking of a community or their set of beliefs and values as ideology. The ideology of a nation always reflects the state of people's minds, their hopes, emotions, aspirations, ideals, and objectives as well as enduring its determination to achieve them. ## Ideology of Pakistan (Two Nation Theory) The **ideology of Pakistan** stems from the belief that Muslims of the sub-continent constitute a distinct nation. It is based on the belief that Muslims have a different religion, culture, civilization, history, and way of life which distinguish them from other communities of India. Despite living more than a thousand years together with other communities of India, the Muslims of the subcontinent maintained their individuality and could not merge with them. Their separate identity was due to their adherence to the principles of **Islam**, which made them a separate nation. On the grounds of their separate identity, the Muslims demanded a separate homeland for themselves. ## Components of the Ideology of Pakistan There are four basic components of the ideology of Pakistan: ### Islam **Islam** is the foundation of the creation of Pakistan. The Muslims of the sub-continent demanded a separate country because they wanted to implement the principles of Islam in a new state. They thought that the implementation of guiding principles of Islam in a new state could lead them towards success in this life and life hereafter. ### Democracy One of the objectives of the demand of Pakistan was to enforce such a type of **democracy** where the rights of minorities would also be safeguarded. Minorities would have freedom of expression and the right to profess their religion. Both minority and majority would be equal before the law, and the rights of minorities would be equally protected by the state. ### Social Justice and Equality The purpose of the ideology of Pakistan was to foster **social justice and equality** among the citizens. Explaining social justice and equality, **Quaid-i-Azam** stated: > "Islam has taught equality of man, justice, and fair play to everybody. We are the inheritors of those glorious traditions, and we are fully alive to our responsibilities and obligations as framers of the future constitution of Pakistan." ### Fundamental Human Rights **Fundamental rights** include protection of life, property, liberty, freedom of worship, and freedom of expression. The Muslims were not enjoying these rights in united India. Their lives and properties were not protected in those provinces of united India where they were in the minority. To protect all these rights for the Muslims was an important component of the ideology of Pakistan. ## Historical Background of the Two-Nation Theory The arrival of Muslims in India began in the middle of the **seventh century** during the rule of pious caliphs (RA). Muslim traders and Sufis came to India and introduced the teachings of Islam to local people. Yet the first Muslim conquest in India occurred in **712 A.D**, when **Muhammad Bin Qasim** conquered a large part of Sindh. After this conquest, many Sufis and preachers came to India, and they spread the teachings of Islam. Many people influenced by their character, devotion, and human affection embraced Islam. The indigenous people who embraced Islam began to consider themselves a separate community. Before that, many conquerors came to India, but the foundation of Muslim rule in India was laid in **1206** by **Qutb-ud-din Aibak**, which lasted till **1857**. During Muslim rule, different movements were launched to merge Muslims into Indian society, but all these efforts met with failure and the Muslim community maintained its separate identity. The imposition of the **British Raj** in India in the nineteenth century further strengthened the Two-Nation Theory. Muslims became more conscious of their rights and identity because they were merely a quarter of the Indian population. During the time of British Raj, few people began to propagate the concept of **Indian nationalism** which means that all the people residing in India were a single nation. ## Establishment of British Raj The British came to the sub-continent at the beginning of the seventeenth century for the purpose of trade. However, by taking advantage of disunity among the Indians, they began to conquer different parts of India. The Indians realised that the British were exploiting their resources, so they tried to oust them from India and fought a war against them in **1857**, which is called the "**War of Independence**". Unfortunately, the Indians were defeated in this war largely because of their disunity and lack of modern weaponry. Muslim rule in India ended after British victory in the War of Independence and British Raj began in **1858**. Although the War of Independence was fought by all the communities of India, the British held Muslims responsible for this war. ## Aligarh Movement The **Aligarh Movement** was launched by **Sir Syed Ahmad Khan** (1817-1898) to equip Muslims with modern education and to promote awareness among them. Sir Syed was an employee of the East India Company and was serving as a judge when the War of Independence broke out. Sir Syed was of the opinion that opposition to colonial masters was pointless because they were technologically more advanced and therefore powerful. He believed that Muslims should obtain modern scientific education and should not oppose the English language. He advised the Muslims to develop cordial relations with the British. Similarly, he forbade them from participating in politics as it would lead them towards confrontations with the British. ### Objectives of Aligarh Movement 1. To remove the state of tension between the Muslims and the British Government. 2. To motivate the Muslims to obtain Western education. 3. To persuade and enable Muslims for government jobs. 4. To make the Muslims loyal to the British Government. ## Educational Services of Sir Syed Sir Syed established several educational institutions to equip Muslims with modern education. * The most important among these was **Muhammadan Anglo Oriental (MAO) High School** which was founded in **1875**. * This school was upgraded to the status of **college in 1877** and then **university in 1920**. * Sir Syed established a **Scientific Society in 1864** which translated many important books from English into Urdu language. * The Scientific Society also launched a weekly magazine "**Aligarh Institute Gazette**" in **1866**. ## Political Services of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan Sir Syed was the first person to use the word "**Nation**" for the Muslims of the sub-continent. In the beginning, Sir Syed considered Hindus and Muslims a single nation. But when Hindus of Banaras launched a movement in **1867** to replace Urdu with Hindi as the official language, he came to the conclusion that Muslims are a separate nation. **Impact of Aligarh Movement** Aligarh movement encouraged Muslims to achieve modern education. It also helped bridge the gap between the government and the Muslim nation. Many alumni of MAO College later secured key positions in government. The students of Aligarh also played a pivotal role during the freedom movement. ## Establishment of the All-India Muslim League (AIML) ### Background The formation of the **All India Muslim League** took place during the annual session of the Muhammadan Educational Conference which was held at **Dacca on 30 December 1906**. **Sir Agha Khan** was appointed its president. ### Partition of Bengal (1905) **Lord Curzon** partitioned Bengal in **1905** into two provinces (East Bengal and West Bengal) purely on administrative grounds. The Muslims were happy over the partition because they emerged as a majority in East Bengal, but the Hindus of Bengal began to protest and pressed for annulment of the partition. ### Success of Simla Deputation (1906) Thirty-five prominent Muslim leaders from all over India under the leadership of **Sir Agha Khan** met with **Viceroy Lord Minto** at Simla on **1 October 1906** and presented the demands of their community. They demanded separate electorates, reserved quotas for Muslims in government jobs, and representation in councils. ### Objectives of AIML Following were the objectives of AIML at the time of its formation: 1. To promote the feelings of loyalty among Indian Muslims towards the British Government. 2. To protect and advance the political rights and interests of Muslims. 3. To prevent among the Indian Muslims, the rise of any feeling of hostility towards other communities. ### Change in Objectives Upon the suggestion of **Quaid-i-Azam (RA)**, the Muslim League changed its objectives in **March 1913**. Instead of unconditional cooperation with the government, the AIML decided to work for the attainment of self-government. This led to the **Lucknow Pact**, where Congress accepted the Muslim's demands of separate electorates and **1/3 representation** in the Central Assembly. ## Khilafat Movement (1918-1923) ### Background During **World War-I (1914-1918)**, the Ottoman Empire was aligned with Germany. Muslims of India had great regard for the Ottoman Empire because it was the seat of the **Caliph**. The Muslims of India, in support of Türkiye, launched a movement which is called the **Khilafat Movement**. ### Objectives Followings were the main objectives of the Khilafat Movement: 1. The institution of Khilafat shall not be abolished. 2. All the sacred places of Muslims (Makkah, Medina etc.) should remain under the control of the Ottoman Empire. 3. Turkey should not be deprived of its territory. ### Abolition of Khilafat **Mustafa Kamal Ataturk** announced to abolish the Khilafat in **1924** and declared Turkey to be a republic state. After this, there was no justification to carry on the Khilafat movement in India. ## An Escalation of Communal Conflict In **1927**, Quaid-i-Azam (RA) presented the **Delhi Proposals** in which he agreed to give up separate electorates provided that new Muslim majority provinces of NWFP, Sindh, and Baluchistan were created. ## Nehru Report (1928) In **1928**, the Nehru Committee was formed to draft proposals for India's future Constitution. The committee completely ignored the demands of Muslims. Muslims were deprived of the right to **1/3 representation** and **separate electorates**. ## Fourteen Points of Quaid-i-Azam (1929) In reply to the Nehru Report, Quaid-i-Azam (RA) presented his "**Fourteen Points**" in which he talked about the rights and demands of Muslims. ## Allahabad Address (1930) **Allama Iqbal** presided over the Annual Session of Muslim League held at Allahabad in **1930** in which he talked about a separate homeland for the Muslims. Iqbal said: > "I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sindh and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single State... the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim State appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims." ## Round Table Conferences (1930-1932) Three Round Table Conferences were held in London to resolve communal problems and discuss future constitutional reform. However, the Conferences failed to achieve their objective and constitutional deadlock subsisted. ## Establishment Of Congress Ministries (1937-1939) In **1937**, provincial elections were held. Congress obtained overwhelming victory and ruled in 8 out of 11 provinces. Their rule was marked by prejudicial steps: * *Bande Mataram* as the national anthem. * Hoisting Congress flags on public places. * *Wardha Scheme* of education. * Discrimination in government jobs. When Congress ministries resigned in **1939**, Quaid-i-Azam (RA) announced to celebrate **22 December 1939** as the "**Day of Deliverance**". ## Lahore Resolution (1940) On **23 March 1940**, at Minto Park Lahore, **A.K. Fazl-ul-Haq** presented the Lahore Resolution. It demanded that Muslim majority areas in the North-Western and Eastern Zones of India should be grouped to constitute 'Independent States'. ## Cripps Mission Plan (1942) **Sir Stafford Cripps** presented a plan in 1942. For the first time, the British government acknowledged India's right to be a dominion and allowed provinces the right to secede, which was a nod toward the Pakistan demand. ## Gandhi - Jinnah Talks (1944) The talks were held in **September 1944** at Quaid-i-Azam's residence but ended in failure as Gandhi refused to accept the Two-Nation Theory before the British left India. ## Simla Conference (1945) **Viceroy Lord Wavell** called a conference to discuss the formation of an Executive Council. It failed because Quaid-i-Azam insisted that the Muslim League had the sole right to nominate Muslim members. ## Elections 1945-1946 The Muslim League performed exceptionally, winning all 30 reserved seats in the Central Legislature and **466 out of 495** Muslim seats in provincial assemblies. ## Cabinet Mission Plan (1946) The plan proposed a federation with three groups of provinces: * **Group A:** Hindu majority provinces. * **Group B:** NWFP, Punjab, Sindh. * **Group C:** Bengal and Assam. ## Formation of Interim government On **26 October 1946**, five Muslim League members joined the interim government. **Liaquat Ali Khan** was given the Ministry of Finance. ## Third June Plan (1947) **Lord Mountbatten** announced the partition plan on **3 June 1947**. Power was to be transferred on **15 August 1947**. The plan was legalized via the **Indian Independence Act**. ## Initial Problems of Islamic Republic of Pakistan ### Background The British government appointed **Sir Cyril Radcliffe** as Chairman of the Boundary Commission to demarcate Punjab and Bengal. ## Radcliffe Award Radcliffe announced the demarcation on **17 August 1947**. The award was highly controversial and biased against Pakistan. ## Injustices of Radcliffe Award * Tehsils of **Ferozepur** and **Zira** were handed to India. * **Gurdaspur** (Pathankot tehsil) was given to India to provide a land route to Kashmir. * **Calcutta** was awarded to India. ## Early Problems of Pakistan ### Administrative Problems **Karachi** was chosen as the capital but lacked infrastructure. There was a severe shortage of experienced officers and office equipment. ### Division of Financial Assets Pakistan was entitled to **750 million rupees**. India initially released only 200 million and delayed the rest to cripple the new state's economy. ### Military's Division Pakistan did not receive its fair share of military equipment. Out of 16 ordnance factories, none were located in Pakistan's territory. ### Canal Water Problem India stopped the water supply to Pakistan's canals in **April 1948**. This was eventually settled by the **Indus Water Treaty** in 1960. ### Rehabilitation of Refugees Almost **6.5 million** refugees migrated to Pakistan. Quaid-i-Azam established the "**Refugee Relief Fund**" to manage this humanitarian crisis. ### Constitutional Issues The **Govt of India Act 1935** served as the interim constitution. It took nine years to frame the first constitution (1956). ## Problems of Princely States/ Kashmir Issues States like **Junagarh**, **Hyderabad**, and **Kashmir** faced issues. India forcefully annexed Junagarh and Hyderabad. ## Kashmir Problem ### Background Kashmir was a Muslim majority state (77%). In 1846, the British sold it to **Gulab Singh** (Dogra Rule). ### War of 1948 In 1947, Kashmiris started a freedom struggle. Tribal lashkars from Pakistan joined to help. India sent its army on **27 October 1947**. A portion was liberated, now called **Azad Kashmir**. ### UN Resolution The UN passed a resolution for a **plebiscite** (vote) to allow Kashmiris to decide their future, which India has failed to implement. ## Abolishment of Article 370 On **5 August 2019**, the Indian government revoked the special status of Kashmir, attempting to change its demographic makeup. ## Pakistan's support for Kashmir Cause Pakistan observes **5 February** as Kashmir Solidarity Day. Quaid-i-Azam described Kashmir as the "jugular vein" of Pakistan.